How to Do a Time Study
A time study turns shop-floor observation into a reliable standard time. Here is the proven sequence — from planning to standard time — step by step.
Steps to conduct a time study
- 1
Plan the study
Set the goal, pick the process, and make sure the method is standardised and the operator knows the work is being studied. A time study measures a stable method, not a moving target.
- 2
Break the job into elements
Split the task into short, measurable elements with clear, fixed start and end points — this makes the data consistent and easy to act on.
- 3
Choose equipment and a representative operator
A stopwatch and clipboard (or, better, a tripod-mounted camera) and an operator typical of the workforce — not just the fastest, or the numbers won't represent reality.
- 4
Time multiple cycles
Record each element over several cycles — five is the minimum, ten or more when the work varies — to capture true variation.
- 5
Calculate standard time
Standard Time = Observed Time × Performance Rating × (1 + Allowance). The rating normalises operator pace; allowances cover personal, fatigue and delay time.
- 6
Analyse and standardise
Compare elements, flag outliers and waste, then lock the result into standard work so the improvement holds.
Frequently asked questions
How many cycles should I record?
Five is the bare minimum; ten or more is better when the work varies. More cycles tighten the average and expose variation a single reading would miss.
What is performance rating?
A factor that normalises the observed pace to a standard pace — so a fast or slow operator on the day doesn't distort the standard time.
Why add allowances?
Because no one works non-stop. Allowances for personal needs, fatigue and unavoidable delay turn normal time into a realistic, sustainable standard time.
Related lean tools & guides
Measure from video, not a stopwatch
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